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The Best Books on Critical Thinking | Five Books Recommendations
Make Your Own List. Do you know your straw man arguments from your weasel words? Nigel WarburtonFive Books philosophy editor and author of Thinking from A to Z, selects some of the best books on critical thinking—and explains how they will help us make better informed decisions and construct more valid arguments.
Interview by Cal Flyn. As hundreds of people continue to read your recommendations every day, could you update us on any books that have come out since we first spoke? Calling Bullshit started life as a course at the University of Washington. It is a book—a handbook really—written with the conviction that bullshit, particularly the kind that is circulated on the Internet, is damaging democracyand that misinformation and disinformation can have very serious consequences.
But truth is important, and this book shows why. It is focussed on examples from science and medicine, but ranges more widely too. It covers not just verbal bullshit, bullshit with statistics particularly in relation to big data and about causation, but also has a chapter on bullshit data visualisations that distract from the content they are about, or present that data in misleading ways.
Like all good books on critical thinking this one includes some discussion of the psychology of being taken in by misleading contributions to public debate. He draws on a rich and fascinating range of examples to teach us gently how not to be taken in by statistics and poorly supported claims. There is some overlap with Calling Bullshitbut they complement each other. Together they provide an excellent training in how not to be bamboozled by data-based claims.
Before we discuss your book recommendations, I wonder if you would first explain: What exactly is critical thinking, and when should we be using it? For example take the syllogism: if all men are mortal, and Socrates is a man, you can deduce from that structure of arguments that Socrates is mortal. If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. That kind of logic, which can be represented using letters and signs rather than words, has its place.
Formal logic is a quasi-mathematical some would say mathematical subject. Critical thinking is broader, though it encompasses that. Some of them are simply psychological tendencies that give us unreliable results. I wrote a little book called Thinking from A to Z which was meant to name and explain a whole series of moves and mistakes in thinking. I included logic, some cognitive biases, some rhetorical moves, and also for instance the topic of pseudo-profundity, whereby people make seemingly deep statements that are in fact shallow.
I suppose that would fall under rhetoric, the art of persuasion: persuading people that you are a deeper thinker than you are. The critical thinker is someone who recognises the moves, can anatomise the arguments, and call them to attention. So, in answer to your question: critical thinking is not just pure logic. But its aim is to be clear about what is being argued, what follows from the given evidence and arguments, and to detect any cognitive biases or rhetorical moves that may lead us astray.
I see them thrown around on Twitter. I think that improving your critical thinking can be quite difficult.
Social media, particularly Twitter, is quite combative. I suspect that labels are probably in use best critical thinking writer website for school as a form of shorthand. There are also a huge number of resources online now which allow people to discover definitions of critical thinking terms.
Naming the moves is important. But so what? The process of writing the book improved my critical thinking quite a lot, because I had to think more precisely about what particular terms meant and find examples of them that were unambiguous, best critical thinking writer website for school. That was the hardest thing, to find clear-cut examples of the various moves, to illustrate them.
People seem to get a kick out of the idea of sharing irrelevant features—it might be a birthday or it might be a hometown—with somebody famous. People use it as if it were an established term, which I guess it is now. I love that. Why did you choose this one?
He developed research with Amos Tversky, best critical thinking writer website for school, who unfortunately died young. I think it would have been a co-written book otherwise. There is a huge amount of detail in the book.
It summarizes a lifetime of research—two lifetimes, really. System Two is more analytical, conscious, slower, methodical, deliberative. A more logical process, which is much more energy consuming. We stop and think.
How would you answer 27 × 17? The problem is that we rely on this System One—this almost instinctive response to situations—and often come out with bad answers as a result. Anchoring, for instance. Do you know about anchoring? I think so. Is that when you provide an initial example that shapes future responses?
If you present somebody with an arbitrary number, psychologically, most people seem prone when you ask them a question to move in the direction of that number. They were being asked best critical thinking writer website for school the cuff: What would be a good sentence for a particular crime, say shoplifting? So the way you phrase a question, by introducing these numbers, best critical thinking writer website for school, you give an anchoring effect.
Asking if people will donate, say, £20 a month returns a higher average pledge than asking for £1 a month. People use this anchoring technique often with selling wine on a list too. This phenomenon occurs in many areas. And there are so many things that Kahneman covers. You see this a lot in descriptions of withdrawal from war situations. It seems that we have a fear of future regret that outweighs everything else. This dominates our thinking.
Five Books interviews are expensive best critical thinking writer website for school produce. If you're enjoying this interview, please support us by donating a small amount. But I was surprised how pessimistic he was. The discipline of behavioural economicswhich is very firmly established now, is kind of the antidote to that. You factor in these patterns of behaviour actual people have, rather than these idealized individuals making rational assessments about how they satisfy their desires.
What does it tell us about critical thinking? Rosling was a Swedish statistician and physician, who, amongst other things, gave some very popular TED talks. But he focuses in a similar way on the ways that people make mistakes. We make mistakes, classically, in being overly pessimistic about things that are changing in the world. If people are asked what percentage of children are vaccinated against common diseases, they almost always underestimate it.
Ask people what the life expectancy for every child born today is, the global average, and again they get it wrong. It may be best critical thinking writer website for school. But pessimists tend not to notice changes for the better.
In many ways, though clearly not in relation to global warming and climate catastrophe, the statistics are actually very good for humanity. So this is critical thinking of a numerical, statistical kind. Coming back to what you said about formal logic earlier, statistics is another dense subject which needs specialist training.
One of the big problems for an ordinary reader looking at this kind of book is that we are not equipped to judge the reliability of his sources, best critical thinking writer website for school, and so the reliability of the conclusions that he draws. I think we have to take it on trust and authority and hope that, given the division of intellectual labour, there are other statisticians looking at his work and seeing whether he was actually justified in drawing the conclusions that he drew.
He made these sorts of public pronouncements for a long time and responded to critics. I believe that most people can equip themselves with tools for critical thinking that work in everyday life.
They can learn something about cognitive biases; best critical thinking writer website for school can learn about reasoning and rhetoric, and I believe that we can put ourselves as members of a democracy in a position where best critical thinking writer website for school think critically about the evidence and arguments that are being presented to us, politically and in the press.
That should be open to all intelligent people, I think. It is not a particularly onerous task to equip yourself with a basic tools of thinking clearly. Yes, quite a different book. This book is really interesting. The data is then analysed, the causes of the crash, dissected and scrutinized, and the information shared across the aeronautic industry and beyond. They undermine trust in the whole industry.
The hierarchical aspects of the medical profession may have a part to play here, too. People higher up in the profession are able to keep a closed book, and not share their mistakes with others, best critical thinking writer website for school, because it might be damaging to their careers for people to know about their errors.
There has been, historically anyway, a tendency for medical negligence and medical error, to be kept very quiet, kept hidden, hard to investigate. What Matthew Syed is arguing is that we need to take a different attitude to failure and see it as the aviation industry does. You can never fully confirm an empirical hypothesis, but you can refute one by finding a single piece of evidence against it.
So, in a sense, the failure of the hypothesis is the way by which science progresses: conjecture followed by refutation, not hypothesis followed by confirmation. As Syed argues, we progress in all kinds of areas is by making mistakes. He was a superb table-tennis player, and he knows that every mistake that he made was a learning experience, at least potentially, a chance to improve.
The book has a whole range of examples, many from industry, about how different ways of thinking about failure can improve the process and the output of particular practices.
Critical Thinking and Scholarly Writing Video
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