Robert Gernhardt wurde als Sohn eines Richters und einer Chemikerin in Reval geboren. Die Familie Gernhardt gehörte in Estland zur Minderheit der Deutsch-Balten und musste nach Posen übersiedeln.. fiel der Vater als Soldat im Zweiten blogger.com Kriegsende floh die Mutter mit den Söhnen Robert, Per und Andreas über Thüringen nach Bissendorf. kam Adam Mitchell-Hardt Co-Instructor & Career Coach. Adam Mitchell-Hardt is a professional career coach. After working for his share of demoralizing jobs and feeling stuck, Adam decided he was tired of being unhappy at his job and about his future. Despite having success throughout his career in tech sales, he felt a calling for something more The Module Directory provides information on all taught modules offered by Queen Mary during the academic year The modules are listed alphabetically, and you can search and sort the list by title, key words, academic school, module code
Christian Lindner - Wikipedia
Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher — perhaps cannot be ranked as one of the very greatest German philosophers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries like Kant, Herder, daniel hardt dissertation, Hegel, Marx, or Nietzsche. But he is certainly one of the best second-tier philosophers of the period a period in which the second-tier was still extremely good. He was not only a philosopher, but also an eminent classical scholar and theologian. Much of his philosophical work was in the philosophy of religion, daniel hardt dissertation, but from a modern philosophical point of view it is his hermeneutics i.
This article will attempt to provide a fairly broad overview of his philosophical thought. One thing that will emerge from this is that although he has important philosophical debts to many predecessors and contemporaries including Spinoza, Kant, and Friedrich Schlegelhe was above all following in the philosophical footsteps of one predecessor daniel hardt dissertation particular: Herder.
Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher — was born in Breslau as the son of a clergyman of the reformed church, daniel hardt dissertation. His earlier education took place in institutions of the Moravian Brethren Herrnhutera strict pietist sect. However, while there he also pursued broader humanistic interests. Largely as a result of skepticism about certain Christian doctrines taught there, he moved to the more liberal University of Halle in However, he continued daniel hardt dissertation theology with philosophy and classical philology as minor fields.
He passed his theological examinations in Berlin in This was followed by a period as a private tutor, which ended inpartly, it seems, due to friction caused by his sympathy with the French Revolution, to which his employer was opposed. In —4 he wrote two essays about Spinoza: Spinozism and Brief Presentation of the Spinozistic System. Moses Mendelssohnwhich was highly critical of Spinozism.
During the period —6 Schleiermacher served as a pastor in Landsberg. In he moved to Berlin, where he became chaplain to a hospital. In Berlin he met Friedrich and August Wilhelm Schlegel, as well as other romantics, became deeply engaged in the formation of the romantic movement, and collaborated with the Schlegel brothers on the short-lived but important literary journal Athenaeum — During the period —9, he shared a house with Friedrich Schlegel.
The book won Schleiermacher a national reputation. In the same year he also published an essay on the situation of the Jews in Prussia, Letters on the Occasion of the Political-Theological Task and the Open Letter of Jewish Householders. In this work he rejected an expedient that had been proposed for ameliorating the situation of the Jews in Prussia of achieving their civil assimilation through baptism which would, daniel hardt dissertation, he argues, harm both Judaism and Daniel hardt dissertation and instead advocated full civil rights for Jews on certain rather reasonable conditions.
The review in particular took Kant to task for his dualistic philosophy of mind and his superficial, disparaging attitude toward women and other peoples. During the following several years Schleiermacher complemented On Religion with two substantial publications that were more ethical in orientation: the especially important Soliloquies ; second edition and the Outlines of a Critique of Previous Ethical Theory As time went on, however, Schlegel left this work to Schleiermacher, which contributed to increasingly difficult relations between the two men after While in Berlin Schleiermacher developed romantic attachments to two married women, Henriette Herz and Eleonore Grunow—the latter of which attachments led to scandal and unhappiness, eventually causing Schleiermacher to leave the city.
He spent the years —4 in Stolpe. By he was teaching at Halle University. During the period —5 he began lecturing on ethics as he would do again repeatedly until In he also began delivering his famous and important lectures on hermeneutics which he repeated regularly until In —7 he left Halle as a result of the French occupation, and moved back to Berlin.
From this time on he began actively promoting German resistance to the French occupation and the cause of German unity. In Schleiermacher married a young widow, Henriette von Willich, with whom he daniel hardt dissertation several children. In —9 he became preacher at daniel hardt dissertation Dreifaltigkeitskirche, in professor of theology at the University of Berlin, and by also a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences.
In he lectured on dialectics for the first time as he would do again regularly until his death, at which time he was in the early stages of preparing a version for publication.
In he began lecturing on daniel hardt dissertation history of philosophy as he would again repeatedly in subsequent years. In he delivered as an address, and then published as an essay, On the Different Methods of Translation —a very important work in translation theory deeply informed by his own experience as a translator, daniel hardt dissertation. In —14 he lectured on pedagogy, daniel hardt dissertation, or the philosophy of education, for the first time as he would do on two subsequent occasions: —1 and daniel hardt dissertation In he lectured on psychology for the first time as he would again repeatedly until —4, daniel hardt dissertation.
In he lectured on aesthetics for the first time as he subsequently did on two further occasions, the last of them in —3. In the same year he also began lecturing on the life of Jesus as he did again on four further occasions over the following twelve years —thereby inaugurating an important genre of literature on this subject in the nineteenth century.
In —2 he published his major work of systematic theology, daniel hardt dissertation, The Christian Faith revised edition —1. In he published two open letters on this work nominally addressed to his friend Lückein which he discusses it and central issues in the philosophy of religion and theology relating to it in a concise and lucid way. Schleiermacher died in As can be seen even from this brief sketch of his life and works, a large proportion of his career was taken up with the philosophy of religion and theology.
However, from the secular standpoint of modern philosophy it is probably his work in such areas as hermeneutics i. Accordingly, this article will begin with these more interesting areas of his thought, only turning to his philosophy of religion briefly at the end.
Schleiermacher nowhere presents his philosophy of language separately; instead, it is found scattered through such works as his lectures on psychology, dialectics, and hermeneutics. The following eight positions—all but the last of which are heavily indebted to Herder—are especially worth noting:. But such a strong version of the doctrine is philosophically problematic—vulnerable to counterexamples in which thought occurs without any corresponding inner language use, daniel hardt dissertation, and vice versa.
Again, as we noted, in later works Schleiermacher tends to add to the Herderian doctrine 5 a thesis that concepts are empirical schemata à la Kant see 6. Daniel hardt dissertation is likely to seem problematic at first sight because of its inclusion of sensory images in meaning. Finally, whereas for Herder doctrine 7 was merely an empirically established rule of thumb and admitted of exceptions, daniel hardt dissertation, Schleiermacher in his lectures on ethics and dialectics attempts to give a sort of a priori proof of linguistic and conceptual-intellectual diversity even at the level of individuals as a universal fact—a proof that is dubious in its very daniel hardt dissertation priori status, in its specific details, and in its extremely counterintuitive implication often explicitly asserted by Schleiermacher that, strictly speaking, no one can ever understand another person.
It is too extensive to present in detail here. Friedrich Schlegel was an immediate influence on his thought here, daniel hardt dissertation. Their ideas on these subjects began to take shape in the late s, daniel hardt dissertation they lived together in the same house in Berlin for a time, daniel hardt dissertation.
Many of their ideas are shared, and it is often unclear which of the two men was the more original source of a given idea. Schleiermacher lectured on hermeneutics frequently between and The following are his main principles:. a Hermeneutics is strictly the theory of understanding linguistic communication—as contrasted, not equated, with explicating, applying, or translating it.
b Hermeneutics should be a universal discipline—i. c In particular, the interpretation of sacred texts such as the Bible is included within it—this may not rely on special principles, such as divine inspiration either of the author or of the interpreter. e It is essential to distinguish clearly between the question of the meaning of a text or discourse and the question of its truth. Assuming that a text or discourse must be true will often lead to serious misinterpretation.
f Before the interpretation proper of a text or discourse can even begin, the interpreter must acquire a good knowledge of its historical context. The suggestion found in some of the secondary literature that Schleiermacher thinks that historical context is irrelevant to interpretation is absurd. g Interpretation proper always has two sides: one linguistic, the other psychological. Linguistic interpretation is mainly concerned with what is common or shared in a language; psychological interpretation mainly with what is distinctive to a particular author, daniel hardt dissertation.
h Schleiermacher implies several reasons why an interpreter needs to complement linguistic interpretation with psychological in this way. First, he sees such a need as arising from the deep linguistic and conceptual-intellectual distinctiveness of individuals.
Schleiermacher himself places most emphasis on the first of these three considerations. However, if, as Schleiermacher does, one wants to argue that interpretation needs to daniel hardt dissertation psychology generallydaniel hardt dissertation, and if, as I hinted earlier, linguistic and conceptual-intellectual distinctiveness is not in fact the pervasive phenomenon that Schleiermacher usually takes it to be, daniel hardt dissertation, then it is arguably the latter two considerations that should be considered the more fundamental ones.
Such holism introduces a pervasive circularity into interpretation, for, ultimately, interpreting these broader items in its turn depends on interpreting such pieces of text. Schleiermacher does not see this circle as vicious, however. Why not? His solution is not that daniel hardt dissertation of these tasks should be accomplished simultaneously—for that daniel hardt dissertation far exceed human capacities, daniel hardt dissertation.
Rather, it essentially lies in the very plausible thought that understanding is not an all-or-nothing matter but instead something that comes in degreesso that it is possible to make progress toward full understanding in a piecemeal way.
For example, concerning the relation between a piece of text and the whole text to which it belongs, Schleiermacher recommends that we first read through and interpret as best we can each of the parts of the text in turn in order thereby to arrive at an approximate overall interpretation of the text, and that we then apply this approximate overall interpretation in order to refine our initial interpretations of each of the particular parts, which in turn gives us an improved overall interpretation, which can then be re-applied toward still further refinement of the interpretations of the daniel hardt dissertation, and so on indefinitely.
Some of the common ground here is admittedly due to the fact that they were both influenced by the same predecessors, especially J, daniel hardt dissertation. To begin with two deviations that are not problematic, daniel hardt dissertation, but rather advantageous: Daniel hardt dissertation, as was previously mentioned, Schleiermacher exacerbates the challenge to interpretation that principle 7 already poses by introducing principle 8semantic holism.
There were, however, some clearer precedents for it—for example, in van der Hardt, Chladenius, Pfeiffer, Grosch, and Meier, daniel hardt dissertation. But the following are further examples, daniel hardt dissertation. However, this seems an unhelpful move, for how many works are actually composed, and hence properly interpretable, in such a way? However, he should arguably instead have regarded it as a ground for considering interpretation and natural science similar.
His mistake here was caused by a false assumption that natural science works by a method of plain induction—i. ii Schlegel daniel hardt dissertation that a work often expresses important meanings, not explicitly in any of its parts, but rather through the way in which these are put together to form a whole, daniel hardt dissertation.
This is a very important point. iii Unlike Schleiermacher, Schlegel emphasizes that works daniel hardt dissertation contain confusions that the interpreter needs to identify and which the interpreter daniel hardt dissertation needs to explain when they occur:.
It is not enough that one understand the actual sense of a confused work better than the author understood it. One must also oneself be able to know, daniel hardt dissertation, characterizeand even construe the confusion even down to its very principles.
KFSA Schleiermacher applied his scrupulous hermeneutic method fruitfully to several areas of scholarship that centrally require interpretation.
One example of this is the series of lectures on the life of Jesus that he delivered between and Another—for philosophers perhaps more significant—example is his work as a historiographer of philosophy. As was already mentioned, Schleiermacher also develops his theory of translation on the foundation of the Herder-influenced principles in the philosophy of language 45and 7together with 8his own semantic holism, which exacerbates the challenge to translation already posed by 7.
Daniel hardt dissertation was himself a masterful translator, daniel hardt dissertation, whose German translations of Plato are still widely used and admired today, daniel hardt dissertation, about two hundred years after they were done.
So his views on translation carry a certain prima facie authority. He explains his theory of translation mainly in the brilliant essay On the Different Methods of Translation The following are daniel hardt dissertation of his main points:.
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The Module Directory provides information on all taught modules offered by Queen Mary during the academic year The modules are listed alphabetically, and you can search and sort the list by title, key words, academic school, module code Apr 17, · Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (–) was born in Breslau as the son of a clergyman of the reformed church. His earlier education took place in institutions of the Moravian Brethren (Herrnhuter), a strict pietist sect. However, while there he also pursued broader humanistic interests Entlastungserklärungen u. a. von OKD Erich Moning (Ex-NSDAP), Daniel Nöh, Johannes Rothmaler, „can be employed“ (), „Um radikale Strömungen nicht aufkommen zu lassen, hat sie nach der Machtübernahme diese rednerische Fähigkeit [von vor ] fortgesetzt“, „unter den Anfeindungen der Partei sehr gelitten“, „andauernd
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