Sep 15, · The ATC's mission is to further Bentley’s leadership in and strategic focus on the integration of business and technology. We enrich scholarly initiatives and student learning by empowering faculty with state-of-the-art academic, information, and communication resources 1 day ago · Essay on my favourite superhero is my father. Essay on final destination focus a a dissertation to How group write in up writing essay on autobiography climate change essay for class 5 teacher and student interaction essay. Jonathan franzen harper's essay Essay on importance of blood donation. Long essay on cultural diversity A vampire is a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence (generally in the form of blood) of the blogger.com European folklore, vampires are undead creatures that often visited loved ones and caused mischief or deaths in the neighbourhoods they inhabited while they were alive. They wore shrouds and were often described as bloated and of ruddy or dark
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A vampire is a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence generally in the form of blood of the living. In European folklorevampires are undead creatures that often visited loved ones and caused mischief or deaths in the neighbourhoods they inhabited while they were alive.
They wore shrouds and were often described as bloated and of ruddy or dark countenance, markedly different from today's gaunt, pale vampire which dates from the early 19th century. Vampiric entities have been recorded in most cultures ; the term vampire was popularized in Western Europe after reports of an 18th-century mass hysteria of a pre-existing folk belief in the Balkans and Eastern Europe that in some cases resulted in corpses being staked and people being accused of vampirism.
In modern times, the vampire is generally held to be a fictitious entity, although belief in similar vampiric creatures such as the chupacabra still persists in some cultures. Early folk belief in vampires has sometimes been ascribed to the ignorance of the body's process of decomposition after death and how people in pre-industrial societies tried to rationalize this, creating the figure of the vampire to explain the mysteries of death.
Porphyria was linked with legends of vampirism in and received much media exposure, but has since been largely discredited, dissertation in cold blood.
The charismatic and sophisticated vampire of modern fiction was born in with the publication of " The Vampyre " by the English writer John Polidori ; the story was highly successful and arguably the most influential vampire work of the early 19th century. The success of this book spawned a distinctive vampire genrestill popular in the 21st century, with books, filmstelevision shows, and video games.
The vampire has since become a dominant figure in the horror genre. The word vampire as vampyre first appeared in English inin news reports about vampire "epidemics" in eastern Europe.
The exact etymology is unclear. Another less widespread theory is that the Slavic languages have borrowed the word from a Turkic term for "witch" e. The notion of vampirism has existed for millennia. Cultures such as the MesopotamiansHebrewsAncient GreeksManipuri and Romans had tales of demons and spirits which are considered precursors to modern vampires. Despite the occurrence of vampiric creatures in these ancient civilizations, the folklore for the entity known today as the vampire originates almost exclusively from early 18th-century southeastern Europe[1] when verbal traditions of many ethnic groups of the region were recorded and published.
In most cases, vampires are revenants of evil beings, suicide victims, or witchesdissertation in cold blood, but they can also be created by a malevolent spirit possessing a corpse or by being bitten by a vampire.
Belief in such legends became so pervasive that in some areas it caused mass hysteria and even public executions dissertation in cold blood people believed to be vampires. It is difficult to make a single, definitive description of the folkloric vampire, though there are several elements common to many European legends.
Vampires were usually reported as bloated in appearance, and ruddy, purplish, or dark dissertation in cold blood colour; these characteristics were often attributed to the recent drinking of blood.
Blood was often seen seeping from the mouth and nose when one was seen in its shroud or coffin and its left eye was often open. The causes of vampiric generation were many and dissertation in cold blood in original folklore.
In Slavic and Chinese traditions, any corpse that was jumped over by an animal, particularly a dog or a cat, was feared to become one of the undead. In Russian folklorevampires were said to have once been witches or people who had rebelled against the Russian Orthodox Church while they were alive. Cultural practices often arose that were intended to prevent a recently deceased loved one from turning into an undead revenant.
Burying a corpse upside-down was widespread, as was placing earthly objects, such as scythes or sickles[24] near the grave to satisfy any demons entering the body or to appease the dead so that it would not wish to arise from its coffin. This method resembles the ancient Greek practice of placing an obolus in the corpse's mouth to pay the toll to cross the River Styx in the underworld.
It has been argued that instead, the coin was intended to ward off any evil spirits from dissertation in cold blood the body, and this may have influenced later vampire folklore. This tradition persisted in modern Greek folklore about the vrykolakasin which a wax cross and piece of pottery with the inscription " Jesus Christ conquers" were placed on the corpse to prevent the body from becoming a vampire.
Other methods commonly practised in Europe included severing the tendons at the knees or placing poppy seeds, milletor sand on the ground at the grave site of a presumed vampire; this was intended to keep the vampire occupied all night by counting the fallen grains, dissertation in cold blood, [26] indicating an association of vampires with arithmomania.
Similar Chinese narratives state that if a vampiric being came across a sack of rice, it would have to count every grain; this is a theme encountered in myths from the Indian subcontinentas well as in South American tales of witches and other sorts of evil or mischievous spirits or beings.
In Albanian folklore, dissertation in cold blood, the dhampir is the hybrid child of the karkanxholl a lycanthropic creature with an iron mail shirt or the lugat a water-dwelling ghost or monster. The dhampir sprung of a karkanxholl has the unique ability to discern the karkanxholl; from this derives the expression the dhampir knows the lugat.
The lugat cannot be seen, he can only be killed by the dhampir, who himself is usually the son of a lugat. In different regions, animals can be revenants as lugats; also, living people during their sleep. Dhampiraj is also an Dissertation in cold blood surname. Many rituals were used to identify a vampire. One method of finding a vampire's grave involved leading a virgin boy through a graveyard or church grounds on a virgin dissertation in cold blood horse would supposedly balk at the grave in question.
Corpses thought to be vampires were generally described as having a healthier appearance than expected, plump and showing little or no signs of decomposition. Folkloric vampires could also make their presence felt by engaging in minor poltergeist -styled activity, such as hurling stones on roofs or moving household objects, dissertation in cold blood, [33] and pressing on people in their sleep. Apotropaics —items able to ward off revenants—are common in vampire folklore.
Garlic is a common example, [35] a branch of wild rose and hawthorn are said to harm vampires, and in Europe, sprinkling mustard seeds on the roof of a house was said to keep them away. Vampires are said to be unable to walk on consecrated groundsuch as that of churches or temples, dissertation in cold blood, or cross running water.
Although not traditionally regarded as an apotropaic, mirrors have been used to ward off vampires when placed, facing outwards, on a door in some cultures, vampires do not have a reflection and sometimes do not cast a shadow, perhaps as a manifestation of the vampire's lack of a soul. Some traditions also hold that a vampire cannot enter a house unless invited by the owner; after the first invitation they can come and go as they please.
Methods of destroying suspected vampires varied, with staking the most commonly cited method, particularly in South Slavic cultures. Piercing the skin of the chest was a way of "deflating" the bloated vampire. This is similar to a dissertation in cold blood of " anti-vampire burial ": burying sharp objects, such as sickles, with the corpse, so that they may penetrate the skin if the body bloats sufficiently while transforming into a revenant.
Decapitation was the preferred method in German and western Slavic areas, with the head buried between the feet, behind the buttocks or away from the body, dissertation in cold blood.
The vampire's head, body, or clothes could also be spiked and pinned to the earth to prevent rising. Romani people drove steel or iron needles into a corpse's heart and placed bits of steel in the mouth, over the eyes, ears and between the fingers at the time of burial. They also placed hawthorn in the corpse's sock or drove a hawthorn stake through the legs.
In a 16th-century burial near Venicea brick forced into the mouth of a female corpse has been interpreted as a vampire-slaying ritual by the archaeologists who discovered it in Further measures included pouring boiling water over the grave or complete incineration of the body. In the Balkans, a dissertation in cold blood could also be killed by being shot or drowned, by repeating the funeral service, by sprinkling holy water on the body, or by exorcism.
In Romania, dissertation in cold blood could be placed in the mouth, and as recently as the 19th century, the precaution of shooting a bullet through the coffin was taken, dissertation in cold blood. For resistant cases, the body was dismembered and the pieces burned, mixed with water, and administered to family members as a cure, dissertation in cold blood.
In Saxon regions of Germany, a lemon was placed in the mouth of suspected vampires. Tales of supernatural beings consuming the blood or flesh of the living have been found in nearly every culture around the world for many centuries. Blood drinking and similar activities were attributed to demons or spirits who would eat flesh and drink blood; even the devil was considered synonymous with the vampire. Almost every nation has associated blood drinking with some kind of revenant or demon, or in some cases a deity.
In India, for example, tales of vetālasghoulish beings that inhabit corpses, dissertation in cold blood, have been compiled in the Baitāl Pacīsī ; a prominent story in the Kathāsaritsāgara tells of King Vikramāditya and his nightly quests to capture an elusive one. The Persians were one of the first civilizations to have tales of blood-drinking demons: creatures attempting to drink blood from men were depicted on excavated pottery shards.
Lilitu was considered a demon and was often depicted as subsisting on the blood of babies, [60] and estriesfemale shapeshifting, blood-drinking demons, were said to roam the night among the population, seeking victims. According to Sefer Hasidimestries were creatures created in the twilight hours before God rested.
An injured estrie could be healed by eating bread and salt given to her by her attacker. Greco-Roman mythology described the Empusaedissertation in cold blood, [62] the Lamia[63] the Mormo [64] and the striges.
Over time the first two terms became general words to describe witches and dissertation in cold blood respectively. Empusa was the daughter of the goddess Hecate and was described as a demonic, bronze -footed creature. She feasted on blood by transforming into a young woman and seduced men as they slept before drinking their blood.
They were described as having the bodies of crows or birds in general, and were later incorporated into Roman mythology as strixa kind of nocturnal bird that fed on human flesh and blood. Many myths surrounding vampires originated during the medieval period. The 12th-century British historians and chroniclers Walter Map and William of Newburgh recorded accounts of revenants, [17] [66] though records in English legends of vampiric beings after this date are scant.
He linked dissertation in cold blood event to the lack of a shmirah guarding after death as the corpse dissertation in cold blood be a vessel for evil spirits. Vampires properly originating in folklore were widely reported from Eastern Europe in the late 17th and 18th centuries. These tales formed the basis of the vampire legend that later entered Germany and England, where they were subsequently embellished and popularized. One of the earliest recordings of vampire activity came from the region of Istria in modern Croatiain The village leader ordered a stake to be driven through his heart.
Later, his corpse was also beheaded. During the 18th century, there was a frenzy dissertation in cold blood vampire sightings in Eastern Europe, with frequent stakings and grave diggings to identify and kill the potential revenants. Even government officials engaged in the hunting and staking of vampires.
Two infamous vampire cases, the first to be officially recorded, involved the corpses of Petar Blagojevich and Miloš Čečar from Serbia. Blagojevich was reported to have died at the age of 62, but allegedly returned after his death asking his son for food.
When the son refused, he was found dead the following day. Blagojevich supposedly returned and attacked some neighbours who died from loss of blood. In the second case, Miloš, an ex-soldier-turned-farmer who allegedly was attacked by a vampire years before, died while haying.
After his death, people began to die in the surrounding area and it was widely believed that Miloš had returned to prey on the neighbours. The character was later used in a story written by Serbian dissertation in cold blood Milovan Glišić and in the Yugoslav horror film Leptirica inspired by the story. The two incidents were well-documented. Government officials examined the bodies, wrote case reports, and published books throughout Europe. The problem was exacerbated by rural epidemics of so-called vampire attacks, undoubtedly caused by the higher amount of superstition that was present in village communities, with locals digging up bodies and in some cases, staking them.
In dissertation in cold blood, King James wrote a dissertation on witchcraft titled Daemonologie in which he wrote the belief that demons could possess both the living and the dead, dissertation in cold blood. Within his classification of demonshe explained the concept through the notion that incubi and succubae could possess the corpse of the deceased and walk the earth.
As a devil borrows a dead body, it would seem so visibly and naturally to any man who converses with them and that any substance within the body would remain intolerably cold to others which they abuse.
In the Greek librarian of the Vatican, Leo Allatiusproduced the first methodological description of the Balkan beliefs in vampires Greek: vrykolakas in his work De Graecorum hodie quorundam opinationibus "On certain modern opinions among the Greeks".
Inthe Wallachian Voivode Matei Basarab passed the first law that mentioned the belief in vampires in Romanian " Strigoi "called Îndreptarea legii The right-making of the law. The paragraph contains the opinion and recommendation of the Patriarch Postnicul over " The deceased, which they will learn to be Strigoi, which is called vrykolakas, what needs to be done ".
The Patriarch proceeds in describing the belief: [80]. I've heard in many cities and towns, it's said, some dreadful things being done, which are below praise and great foolishness and lack of knowledge of people over the work of the devil.
'In Cold Blood' by Truman Capote - Plot, Summary, Characters, Themes \u0026 Symbols Explained!
, time: 39:54Truman Capote - Wikipedia
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