English is an Indo-European language and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. Old English originated from a Germanic tribal and linguistic continuum along the Frisian North Sea coast, whose languages gradually evolved into the Anglic languages in the British Isles, and into the Frisian languages and Low German/Low Saxon on the continent One of the format that I have struggled with in the past is essay writing. There are two main reason for that. First of all, as an international student, English is my second language. Therefore, my poor vocabulary, my grammar, my improper sentence structure, all this factors make me struggled on the exam, and make me did bad compare to others 1 day ago · Example essay my dream house. Does unc charlotte require sat essay. Dance essays, benefits of study abroad essay method definition essay on essay a language second learning Persuasive analytical essay jasper jones. Short essay my goals in life paragraph. Essay questions for admissions. Cow essay in hindi class 4 Short essay on durga puja, point
English as a Second Language (ESL) for Teachers and Students
English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language familyoriginally spoken by the inhabitants of early medieval England.
Both names derive from Angliaa peninsula on the Baltic Sea which is not to be confused with East Anglia, the Eastern part of England which comprises the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex. English is most closely related to Frisian and Low Saxonwhile its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languagesparticularly Old Norse a North Germanic languageas well as Latin and French.
English has developed over the course of more than 1, years. The earliest forms of English, a group of West Germanic Ingvaeonic dialects brought to Great Britain by English is my second language essay settlers in the 5th century, are collectively called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England ; this was a period in which English was influenced by Old Frenchin particular through its Old Norman dialect.
Modern English has been spreading around the world since the 17th century by the worldwide influence of the British Empire and the United States. Through all types of printed and electronic media of these countries, English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and professional contexts such as science, navigation and law.
English is the most spoken language in the world [13] and the third-most spoken native language in the world, after Standard Chinese and Spanish. There are more people who have learned English as a second language than there are native speakers. As of [update]it was estimated that there were over 2 billion speakers of English. English speakers are called " Anglophones ". There is much variability among the many accents and dialects of English used in different countries and regions in terms of phonetics and phonologyand sometimes also vocabularyidiomsgrammarenglish is my second language essay spellingbut it does not typically prevent understanding by speakers of other dialects and accents, although mutual unintelligibility can occur at extreme ends of the english is my second language essay continuum.
English is an Indo-European language and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. The Frisian languages, which together with the Anglic languages form the Anglo-Frisian languagesare the closest living relatives of English.
Like Icelandic and Faroesethe development of English in the British Isles isolated it from the continental Germanic languages and influences, and it has since diverged considerably. English is not mutually intelligible with any continental Germanic language, differing in vocabularysyntaxand phonologyalthough some of these, such as Dutch or Frisian, do show strong affinities with English, especially with its earlier stages. Unlike Icelandic and Faroese, which were isolated, the development of English was influenced by a long series of invasions of the British Isles by other peoples and languages, particularly Old Norse and Norman French.
These left a profound mark of their own on the language, so that English shows some similarities in vocabulary and grammar with many languages outside its linguistic clades —but it is not mutually intelligible with any of those languages either.
Some scholars have argued that English can be considered a mixed language or a creole —a theory called the Middle English creole hypothesis. Although the great influence of these languages on the vocabulary and grammar of Modern English is widely acknowledged, most specialists in language english is my second language essay do not consider English to be a true mixed language.
English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares innovations with other Germanic languages such as DutchGermanand Swedish. Some shared features of Germanic languages include the division of verbs into strong and weak classes, the use of modal verbsand the sound changes affecting Proto-Indo-European consonants, known as Grimm's and Verner's laws.
English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic see Phonological history of Old English § Palatalization. The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon c.
year — Old English developed from a set of West Germanic dialects, often grouped as Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanicand originally spoken along the coasts of FrisiaLower Saxony and southern Jutland by Germanic peoples known to the historical record as the AnglesSaxonsand Jutes. By the 7th century, the Germanic language of the Anglo-Saxons became dominant in Britainreplacing the languages of Roman Britain 43— : Common Brittonica Celtic languageand Latinbrought to Britain by the Roman occupation.
Old English was divided into four dialects: the Anglian dialects Mercian and Northumbrian and the Saxon dialects, Kentish and West Saxon. A few short inscriptions from the early period of Old English were written using a runic script. Old English is essentially a distinct language from Modern English and is virtually impossible for 21st-century unstudied English-speakers to understand. Its grammar was similar to that of modern Germanand its closest relative is Old Frisian.
Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs had many more inflectional endings and formsand word order was much freer than in Modern English. Modern English has case forms in pronouns hehimhis and has a few verb inflections speakspeaksspeakingspokespokenbut Old English had case endings in nouns as well, and verbs had more person and number endings.
The translation of Matthew from shows examples of case endings nominative plural, accusative plural, genitive singular and a verb ending present plural :.
Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche, Souþeron, Northeron, and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond, Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng, furst wiþ Danes, and afterward wiþ Normans, in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed, and som vseþ strange wlaffyng, chyteryng, harryng, english is my second language essay, and garryng grisbytting. Although, from the beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, english is my second language essay, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country language has arisen, and some use strange stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing.
John of Trevisaca. From the 8th to the 12th century, Old English gradually transformed through language contact into Middle English. Middle English is often arbitrarily defined as beginning with the conquest of England by William the Conqueror inbut it developed further in the period from to First, the waves of Norse colonisation of northern parts of the British Isles in the 8th and 9th centuries put Old English into intense contact with Old Norsea North Germanic language.
Norse influence was strongest in the north-eastern varieties of Old English spoken in the Danelaw area around York, which was the centre of Norse colonisation; today these features are still particularly present in Scots and Northern English. However the centre of norsified English seems to have been in the Midlands around Lindseyand after CE when Lindsey was reincorporated into the Anglo-Saxon polity, Norse features spread from there into English varieties that had not been in direct contact with Norse speakers.
An element of Norse influence that persists in all English varieties today is the group of pronouns beginning with th- they, them, their which replaced the Anglo-Saxon pronouns with h- hie, him, hera. With the Norman conquest of England inthe now norsified Old English language was subject to contact with Old Frenchin particular with the Old Norman dialect. The Norman language in England eventually developed into Anglo-Norman. The distinction between nominative and accusative cases was lost except in personal pronouns, the instrumental case was dropped, english is my second language essay, and the use of the genitive case was limited to indicating possession.
The inflectional system regularised many irregular inflectional english is my second language essay, [43] and gradually simplified the system of agreement, making word order less flexible.
By the 12th century Middle English was fully developed, integrating both Norse and French features; it continued to be spoken until the transition to early Modern English around Middle English literature includes Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Talesand Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur.
In the Middle English period, the use of regional dialects in writing proliferated, and dialect traits were even used for effect by authors such as Chaucer. The next period in the history of English was Early Modern English — Early Modern English was characterised by the Great Vowel Shift —inflectional simplification, english is my second language essay, and linguistic standardisation.
The Great Vowel Shift affected the stressed long vowels of Middle English. It was a chain shiftmeaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system. Mid and open vowels were raisedand close vowels were broken into diphthongs. For example, english is my second language essay, the word bite was originally pronounced as the word beet is today, and the second vowel in the word about was pronounced as the word boot is today. The Great Vowel Shift explains many irregularities in spelling since English retains many spellings from Middle English, and it also explains why English vowel letters have very different pronunciations from the same letters in other languages.
English began to rise in prestige, relative to Norman French, during the reign of Henry V. Aroundthe Court of Chancery in Westminster english is my second language essay using English in its official documentsand a new standard form of English is my second language essay English, known as Chancery Standarddeveloped from the dialects of London and the East Midlands.
InWilliam Caxton introduced the printing press to England and english is my second language essay publishing the first printed books in London, expanding the influence of this form of English. Many of the grammatical features that a modern reader of Shakespeare might find quaint or archaic represent the distinct characteristics of Early Modern English.
In the King James Version of the Bible, written in Early Modern English, Matthew says, "The Foxes haue holes and the birds of the ayre haue nests.
By the late 18th century, the British Empire had spread English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance. Commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language. English also facilitated worldwide international communication.
English was adopted in parts of North America, parts of Africa, Australasia, and many other regions. When they obtained political independence, some of the newly independent nations that had multiple indigenous languages opted to continue using English as the official language to avoid the political and other difficulties inherent in promoting any one indigenous language above the others.
As Modern English developed, explicit norms for standard usage were published, and spread through official media such as public education and state-sponsored publications. In Samuel Johnson published his A Dictionary of the English Language which introduced standard spellings of words and usage norms. InNoah Webster published the American Dictionary of the English language to try to establish a norm for speaking and writing American English that was independent of the British standard.
Within Britain, non-standard or lower class dialect features were increasingly stigmatised, leading to english is my second language essay quick spread of the prestige varieties among the middle classes. In modern English, the loss of grammatical case is almost complete it is now only found in pronouns, such as he and himshe and herwho and whomand SVO word order is mostly fixed.
Earlier English did not use the word "do" as a general auxiliary as Modern English does; at first it was only used in question constructions, english is my second language essay, and even then was not obligatory. The use of progressive forms in -ingappears to be spreading to new constructions, and forms such as had been being built are becoming more common. Regularisation of irregular forms also slowly continues e. dreamed instead of dreamtand analytical alternatives to inflectional forms are becoming more common e.
more polite instead of politer. British English is also undergoing change under the influence of American English, fuelled by the strong presence of American English in the media and the prestige associated with the US as a world power. As of [update]million people spoke English as their first languageand 1.
English is spoken by communities on every continent and on islands in all the major oceans. The countries where English is spoken can be grouped into different categories according to how English is used in each country.
The english is my second language essay circle" [66] countries with many native speakers of English share an international standard of written English and jointly influence speech norms for English around the world.
English does not belong to just one country, and it does not belong solely to descendants of English settlers. English is an official language of countries populated by few descendants of native speakers of English.
It has also become by far the most important language of international communication when people who share no native language meet anywhere in the world. The Indian linguist Braj Kachru distinguished countries where English is spoken with a three circles model. Kachru based his model on the history of how English spread in different countries, how users acquire English, and the range of uses English has in each country.
The three circles change membership over time. Countries with large communities of native speakers of English the inner circle include Britain, the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand, where the majority english is my second language essay English, and South Africa, where a significant minority speaks English.
The countries with the most native English speakers are, in descending order, the United States at least million[68] the United Kingdom 60 million[69] [70] [71] Canada 19 million[72] Australia at least 17 million[73] South Africa 4. Estimates of the numbers of second language and foreign-language English speakers vary greatly from million to more than 1 billion, depending on how proficiency is defined, english is my second language essay.
Those countries have millions of native speakers of dialect continua ranging from an English-based creole to a more standard version of English, english is my second language essay. They have many more speakers of English who acquire English as they grow up through day-to-day use and listening to broadcasting, english is my second language essay, especially if they attend schools where English is the medium of instruction.
Varieties of English learned by non-native speakers born to English-speaking parents may be influenced, english is my second language essay, especially in their grammar, by the other languages spoken by those learners. The standard English of the inner-circle countries is often taken as a norm for use of English in the outer-circle countries, english is my second language essay.
In the three-circles model, countries english is my second language essay as Poland, China, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Indonesia, Egypt, and other countries where English is taught as a foreign language, make up the "expanding circle".
What is English as a second or foreign language?, Explain English as a second or foreign language
, time: 3:17Essay on English Language: The International Language | Bartleby
1 day ago · Example essay my dream house. Does unc charlotte require sat essay. Dance essays, benefits of study abroad essay method definition essay on essay a language second learning Persuasive analytical essay jasper jones. Short essay my goals in life paragraph. Essay questions for admissions. Cow essay in hindi class 4 Short essay on durga puja, point One of the format that I have struggled with in the past is essay writing. There are two main reason for that. First of all, as an international student, English is my second language. Therefore, my poor vocabulary, my grammar, my improper sentence structure, all this factors make me struggled on the exam, and make me did bad compare to others "Politics and the English Language" () is an essay by George Orwell that criticised the "ugly and inaccurate" written English of his time and examines the connection between political orthodoxies and the debasement of language. The essay focuses on political language, which, according to Orwell, "is designed to make lies sound truthful and
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